A review of catalytic upgrading of bio oil to engine fuels.As the oil reserves are depleting the need of an alternative fuel source is becoming increasingly apparent. Commander The Great War Crackers . One prospective method for producing fuels in the future is conversion of biomass into bio oil and then upgrading the bio oil over a catalyst, this method is the focus of this review article.Bio oil production can be facilitated through flash pyrolysis, which has been identified as one of the most feasible routes.The bio oil has a high oxygen content and therefore low stability over time and a low heating value.I/41g%2BGmJPRtL.jpg' alt='Process For Catalytic Cracking Of Hydrocarbons Reaction' title='Process For Catalytic Cracking Of Hydrocarbons Reaction' />Upgrading is desirable to remove the oxygen and in this way make it resemble crude oil.Two general routes for bio oil upgrading have been considered hydrodeoxygenation HDO and zeolite cracking.HDO is a high pressure operation where hydrogen is used to exclude oxygen from the bio oil, giving a high grade oil product equivalent to crude oil.Catalysts for the reaction are traditional hydrodesulphurization HDS catalysts, such as CoMo.S2Al. 2O3, or metal catalysts, as for example PdC.However, catalyst lifetimes of much more than 2.Zeolite cracking is an alternative path, where zeolites, e.Catalytic cracking is used to convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions obtained by vacuum distillation into a mixture of more useful products such as petrol.HZSM 5, are used as catalysts for the deoxygenation reaction.In these systems hydrogen is not a requirement, so operation is performed at atmospheric pressure.However, extensive carbon deposition results in very short catalyst lifetimes.Furthermore a general restriction in the hydrogen content of the bio oil results in a low HC ratio of the oil product as no additional hydrogen is supplied.Overall, oil from zeolite cracking is of a low grade, with heating values approximately 2.Of the two mentioned routes, HDO appears to have the best potential, as zeolite cracking cannot produce fuels of acceptable grade for the current infrastructure.HDO is evaluated as being a path to fuels in a grade and at a price equivalent to present fossil fuels, but several tasks still have to be addressed within this process.Catalyst development, understanding of the carbon forming mechanisms, understanding of the kinetics, elucidation of sulphur as a source of deactivation, evaluation of the requirement for high pressure, and sustainable sources for hydrogen are all areas which have to be elucidated before commercialisation of the process.Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones.Now that we have seen how various fractions are changed, we will discuss the how the fractions.Dkw_BuKY/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Process For Catalytic Cracking Of Hydrocarbons Reaction' title='Process For Catalytic Cracking Of Hydrocarbons Reaction' />How a catalytic converter works.Before catalytic converters were developed, waste gases made by a car engine blew straight down the exhaust tailpipe and into the.